Exodus
24:12-27:21; 37:1-38:20
Key Verse – “Then
have them make a sanctuary for me, and I will dwell among them. Make this
tabernacle and all its furnishings exactly like the pattern I will show you.”
(Exodus 25:8=9).
Introduction:
In last week’s
study on Ch. 24, we learned that the covenant between God and Israel was
ratified by a burnt offering consisting of a young bull and the sprinkling of its
blood, half on the leaders of Israel and the other half on God’s altar. Soon
after this, they saw what was below his feet - crystal blue, lapis lazuli; they
ate in God’s presence and He did not raise His hands against them. This was a
sign of God’s happiness with them because they agreed to do all that He had
commanded them through Moses and this opened the possibility for Him to be with
them. Soon after ratifying the covenant, God called Moses to Him again and expressed
His will to dwell among His people Israel.
This is
remarkable, because, since mankind’s fall, the gulf between God and men became
so wide and so deep that it looked impossible to reconcile them. Such
hopelessness is seen in God’s lament:
“The Lord looks down from heaven on
all mankind to see if there are any who understand, any who seek God. All have
turned away, all have become corrupt; there is no one who does good, not even
one.” Psalm 14:2-4.
In this
regard, God’s will to dwell among men created a great turning point in men’s
relationship with Him, their Creator. Then, how and in what condition would God
want to be with men? The answer to this question was given to Moses while he
was in the Lord’s presence for forty days at the top of Mount Horeb. His
instructions can be divided into two subjects: the first was how to build a
tabernacle and all its furnishings, according to God’s glory and holiness. The second
set was how men were to approach Him in a right manner, i.e. how or what might
be the holiest way to approach God Almighty.
Today’s
passage is about the first set of instructions and the next message will be on
the second, priestly preparation in man’s approach to God.
1. God called Moses to meet Him in a heavenly
sanctuary
Soon after the
ratification of the covenant between Himself and the Israelite leaders, God
called Moses to meet with Him:
“The Lord said to Moses, “Come up to
me on the mountain and stay here, and I will give you the tablets of stone with
the law and commandments I have written for their instruction.”” (Exodus 24:12).
To God, it
was so important that His people keep the Ten Commandments that He personally
inscribed them in stone. This implicitly suggests that God would not tolerate
any violations of what was written on the stone tablets. At the same time, this
speaks of God’s eager desire to keep the covenant viable.
So He went
up the mountain to meet with Joshua and the other leaders of Israel. But on the
way, Moses told the leaders that they needed to wait until he and his aide,
Joshua, returned from meeting with God. This would take a long time; during
this time, his brother, Aaron, and his assistant, Hur, led them. As he
approached the mountaintop, Joshua stayed behind and Moses went up alone. As
Israel watched, the Lord’s glory settled upon the mountain. To them, His glory
looked like a consuming fire as He communicated the Ten Commandments to Moses (19:18).
However, Moses entered into that glory. For six days, he remained at the top of
the mountain that was covered with clouds, and God did not call him to come
closer. However, on the seventh day, God called Moses from within the cloud. He
did not give a positive reason as to why, but I believe that He called him on
the seventh day, because it was the day of worship to the Lord. This would
enable Moses to see the heavenly sanctuary while the worshipping was occurring.
Also, this might have served as a time of purification for Moses so he would be
holy enough to enter the heavenly sanctuary.
Also, we
must not fail to note that Moses called to God, in His consuming fire and full
glory. This direct encounter with God’s full glory is well supported by two
additional statements; Moses expressed his desire to see God personally during
this time and God answered this request (Exodus 33:21-23). Also, when Moses
descended, his face was radiant (Exodus 34:29).
So the way in
which Moses met God gives us the best example of how we also can meet with Him.
At the same time, the changes that occurred in Moses’ life after meeting with God
gives us a glimpse of what we will be like after meeting with Him.
In this holy
encounter, God showed Moses the heavenly sanctuary and gave him instructions on
how to build a tabernacle for Him. So the setting of this message’s delivery
reflected the message itself exactly. So as we go through the details of God’s
instructions on how to build the tabernacle, we must remember how Moses met God
in His glory at the top of the mountain while His glory was seen like a consuming
fire.
2. Have them make a sanctuary for Me so that I
may dwell among them.
Bring me an offering: the first thing
that needed to happen in order for the Israelites to build a tabernacle was for
them to offer all of the materials that were necessary for the building of the
tabernacle. Moses was told to ‘receive’ these materials from everyone whose
heart prompted them to give (Exodus 25:1-7). These offerings were not mandated
by any command, but should come from their willing hearts. God, through Moses,
received their offerings. What were they? The list is long: gold, silver,
bronze, blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, fine linen, goat hair, ram skins,
durable leather, acacia wood, oils, spices, onyx, and other gems. These were
very and expensive precious commodities. This willingness was not in just
giving away what was left over; instead, they gave their best and most
treasured possessions. This was not actually giving, but rather offering what
they had to the Lord. It was an expression of one’s willingness to sacrifice,
even the best of his own possessions, and an expression of their trust in the
Lord God Almighty and honor to the God who had saved them.
“Then have them make a sanctuary for
me, and I will dwell among them.” (Exodus 25:8).
God decided to dwell among them; the
purpose of building the tabernacle was for God to have a dwelling place among
them.
Make the sanctuary exactly like
the pattern I will show you (Exodus 25:8b).
“Make this tabernacle and all its
furnishings exactly like the pattern I will show you.” (Exodus 25:9).
As we noted
earlier, Moses had to wait six days before God called him on the seventh day. It
is possible that the seventh day was the Lord’s day, when God was to be fully
honored. In order to see the heavenly sanctuary while God was being worshiped,
Moses had to wait until the seventh day. This means that, from God’s
perspective, it was essential for Moses to see the heavenly sanctuary, because
what he and his people were to make needed to follow the same pattern, becoming
almost exactly like the one in heaven.
In this
respect, God was insisting that the earthly sanctuary should not be different
from the one in heaven. Forms and patterns are containers of purpose and
meaning. If the earthly sanctuary was to have the same pattern and form of the heavenly
one, then it would also have a similar purpose and meaning. In other words,
what happened in the heavenly sanctuary must also happen in the earthly
sanctuary as well, in regards to worshiping the Lord. In order for the Lord to dwell
in this earthly sanctuary, He must be honored and glorified, as He is in
heaven. Isn’t this what Jesus taught about how believers should pray?
What was
necessary for God to abide with mankind? We can rephrase this question: What
pattern or form must the earthly sanctuary carry? God gave Moses the answer in two
parts: all of the sanctuary’s furnishings and how the Israelites were to serve
the Lord in that sanctuary.
Overall, the
tabernacle’s entire set-up or system must be understood as God’s invitation for
His people to meet with Him in a very controlled setting. The purpose of this is
for us to know and have fellowship with Him. As we have experienced, the best
way to know someone is to live together. In order to make this successful, this
invitation was given in three parts: the invitation to enter the court, the invitation
to enter the Holy Place, and lastly, the invitation to enter the Most Holy Place.
In each of these three invitations, the requirement is different and the
ultimate requirement is what God mandated in their personal meeting with God,
face to face, in the Most Holy Place.
The
tabernacle
The Hebrew
word for tabernacle is miškān, which means “living place” or “dwelling place.”
The tabernacle was a rectangular tent, in which God symbolically lived in Israel’s
presence. After being built, it was to be set up in the middle of the entire
Israelite encampment so that all the individual, small, simple Israelite tents
surrounded Yahweh’s big, fancy dwelling in concentric circles.
His dwelling
place faced east and had two rooms. It was made from three layers of fabric;
the inner layer (the layer visible to anyone inside) was a beautiful curtain elaborately woven of blue, red, and
gold colored cloth, decorated with cherubim. Over that was a middle layer
of goat hair, giving thickness and protection to the structure. The outer layer
was made of cow hides, providing waterproof security against the elements.
The tabernacle’s
east room was an outer, or entrance, room called the Holy Place, that was
thirty feet (twenty cubits) long, fifteen feet (ten cubits) wide, and fifteen
(ten cubits) feet high.
The tabernacle was located at the
western end of a rectangular courtyard,
which was made of linen curtains, seven
and one-half feet high. The courtyard was one hundred and fifty feet (one
hundred cubits) long and seventy-five feet (fifty cubits) wide, with a thirty foot
(twenty cubits) wide entrance on the eastern end.
Everything that
made up the tabernacle and its courtyard could be disassembled rather quickly,
and transported whenever the Israelites moved from place to place. Thus as God
moved, the Israelites moved with Him, with the tabernacle always in their
midst.
This space
was divided in to thirds, the Holy Place( thirty feet by fifteen
feet) occupied two-thirds of the space, and the Most Holy Place (fifteen feet by fifteen feet) took up the last
third.
The curtain
that closed off the Most Holy Place
(the “Holy of Holies”) from the tabernacle’s front room (the “Holy Place”) was manufactured
to match the curtains lining the its interior (Exodus 26:1) and the entrance
curtain (26:36), so everything inside of the tabernacle shared the same general appearance of blue,
purple, and scarlet yarn and finely-twisted linen curtains with cherubim motifs.
Only high priest could enter the Most Holy Place
once a year. Most of the Israelites, including most of the Levites, never,
ever saw the ark. Whenever the people were encamped and the tabernacle was erected,
the ark was subsequently hidden from view (ref. Numbers 4:5–6). God kept the ark and everything in it
hidden from almost all people, except the high priests.
What does this
mean? God’s presence is immediate and immanent, but His presence is proven to
be real, not by seeing but only by faith. God is to be known and believed by
faith, as Hebrews 11 says
“Without faith it is impossible to
please God, because anyone who comes to him must believe that he exists and
that he rewards those who earnestly seek him.” (Hebrews 11:6).
The same is
true for us as well. Jesus’ resurrection was proof of God’s mighty power, but it
was witnessed by only about five hundred people during his earthly lifetime.
The rest of his followers must believe in him by faith. For now, we all are to
come to him by faith; however, the time will come when we will see Him, as
Moses saw him in his glory.
The altar of burnt offering
Like the other
tabernacle furniture, the altar was composed of acacia wood and overlaid with
bronze. The shape was similar to the table that held the bread of presence. It was
a seven and a half foot square, big enough to hold any animal sacrifices. This
sat just behind the front entrance curtain that opened to the court. So this was
the first piece of furniture one saw as they entered the court yard. This
indicates that burnt offerings were to be offered first, before one could gain
full access to the courtyard and then to the Holy Place. As we have noted in
our discussion on God’s ark, the burnt offering was for the atonement of sin
and was a must for anyone in order for them to ‘meet God’. The sacrifice must
happen as soon as one entered the tabernacle courtyard, the place of God’s
dwelling.
The
courtyard was 150 feet (100 cubits) long and 75 feet (50 cubits) wide.
The Holy Place
The Holy
Place was where the priests ministered daily in order to represent the Israelite
people. This place stood between the Most Holy Place and the Courtyard, so it
is best to picture it as a staging place before entering the Most Holy Place.
In it, there was the table, lamp, and altar of incense.
The table was made of acacia wood and overlaid
with gold. There were four gold rings, one fastened to each corner. These were
to insert two poles in order to carry the ark around on Israel’s journeys.
There were four utensils made of pure gold, along with plates, dishes, pitches,
and bowls. These were to help serve the bread of the Presence. This bread was
called the “bread of face,” or “bread of presence,” because it was set before God’s
“face” or “presence”. Leviticus 4:5-8 describes this in more detail:
“Take the finest flour and bake twelve loaves of bread, using
two-tenths of an ephah for each loaf. Arrange them in two stacks, six in each stack, on the table of pure gold before
the Lord. By each stack put some pure
incense as a memorial portion to represent the bread and to be a food
offering presented to the Lord. This bread is to be set out before the Lord
regularly, Sabbath after Sabbath, on behalf of the Israelites, as a lasting
covenant. It belongs to Aaron and his sons, who are to eat it in the sanctuary
area, because it is a most holy part of their perpetual share of the food
offerings presented to the Lord.” (Leviticus 24:5-9).
The bread
and wine was replaced weekly, on every Sabbath day. This was a reminder of the manna
bread that God had rained down for them in the desert, and was linked to the
Sabbath when they did not gather manna. In order to memorialize the bread, they
added frankincense. The reason why they kept a small portion of that bread was to
memorialize the fact that God had provided food for their life, like ‘the
Sabbath manna’. So some portion was eaten by the priests and the other portion
was to be memorialized to the Lord as an offering. This is similar to the scene
where Israel’s leaders ate the bread in God’s presence, soon after the
covenant’s ratification. After all, this show bread reminded them that God
provided food for life and that they were to give thanks to Him as the Lord of their
life.
In this way,
the bread and wine served both as a
perpetual reminder of how God provides for the needs of all life on earth, and an offering of deep thankfulness for what God had provided for their
lives, acknowledging their total dependence on God’s provision for their
physical lives.
The Lampstand
The
lampstand stood on the floor on the south side of the Holy Place, opposite the
table. Though the height of this structure was not specified, it is believed to
have been about five to six feet high. It had seven lamps and was made of pure
gold. It was highly decorated with buds and cups, looking like a flowering
tree. By its design, it seems that the light would never go out, but would
rather remain a constant source of light in the Holy Place. In this way, the
lampstand contributed the Holy Place’s splendor, and, at the same time, gave
light so that the priests could minister there. What might be the lampstand’s significance?
The book of Revelation gives us this insight:
“From the throne came flashes of
lightning, rumblings and peals of thunder. In front of the throne, seven lamps
were blazing. These are the seven spirits of God.” (Revelation 4:5).
Just as John
saw the seven lamps before the throne, so this lampstand had seven lamps and stood
just before the Most Holy Place. The light drives out the darkness in the
world. Thus, the lampstand is a full representation of the spiritual world, of
which God is the prime source of light for eternal life.
“Your word is a lamp for my feet, a
light on my path.” (Psalm 119:105).
So this
lampstand stood for God’s truth, which shines in the darkness. Just as Jesus
called himself the light of the world, the lampstand symbolized the truth and light
that gives his people eternal life. So some believers think that the lampstand resembled
the tree of life, which may not be too farfetched from the truth.
In this way,
the table and the lampstand spoke about the
life that God provides. Both speak the truth that God is the source of life in its
entirety, i.e. life in the spirit as well as life in the physical world. So
God is the truth and life for men. Men are fed by these two aspects of the
truth and are enabled to meet with God.
“Therefore, if your whole body is full
of light, and no part of it dark, it will be just as full of light as when a
lamp shines its light on you.” (Luke 11:36).
When we are
filled with God’s truth, we are very close to Him, the only Truth for the
universe.
The Ark
The most
inner space of the tabernacle was called the Most Holy Place. This was where the
ark of the covenant was kept. The ark was a rectangular chest (23” wide, 39”
long, and 23” high, based on their use of the cubit as 18”), and was made of
acacia wood. It was overlaid with pure gold on the inside as well as the outside.
So, looking at it inside and out, the entire box was pure gold; no acacia wood could
be seen.
The tablets
of the covenant law were kept inside of the ark, so we can say that the ark’s primary
purpose or significance was to house the law of the covenant. When I say
housing, I mean to keep it from any damage, foul play, or tampering, and
preserve the law of the covenant’s absolute value. These two tablets were made
of stone and, on them, God had engraved the Ten Commandments. So not only the
ark itself but also what it contained, the covenant of the law, was permanent; there
wouldn’t be any change or decay. In this way, the ark symbolized God’s presence
in His glory, purity, superiority, and covenant blessing.
On top of
the ark was an atonement cover of
pure gold. This was a simple rectangular gold plate that covered the ark. This
is significant, because it covered the covenant and two carved cherubim stood
on it and guarded the tablets. They faced each other, with their wings
outstretched and their faces looking down on the center of the atonement cover.
Actually, all three pieces - the ark, the two cherubim, and the atonement cover
- were one piece, overlaid with pure gold.
In this
setup, we need to recognize two things: first, the atonement cover provided a
barrier between the ark and the tablets inside it, shielding them from the two
cherubim’s penetrating eyes. Second, a space was created by the two cherubim on
each side and the atonement cover that formed a floor under them. In order to
find the significance of this, it is good to determine the cherubim’s role.
Cherubim first
appear in Genesis 3:24.
“After he drove the man out, he placed
on the east side of the Garden of Eden cherubim and a flaming sword flashing
back and forth to guard the way to the tree of life.” (Genesis 3:24).
God drove
man out of the Garden of Eden and placed a cherub with a flaming sword to guard
the entrance. Here, ‘cherub’ is a living being, taking orders from God the
Father to protect the Garden from outside intrusions.
A more
detailed description is found in Ezekiel 10:1-20.
“I looked, and I saw the likeness of a throne of lapis lazuli above the vault that was over the
heads of the cherubim.”(Ezekiel 10:20).
“The LORD said to the man clothed in linen,
"Go in among the wheels beneath the cherubim. Fill your hands with burning coals from among the cherubim and
scatter them over the city." (Ezekiel 10:2).
“The
sound of the wings of the cherubim could be heard as far away as the outer
court, like the voice of God Almighty when he speaks.” (Ezekiel 10:5).
“I looked, and I saw beside the cherubim four wheels, one beside
each of the cherubim; the wheels sparkled like topaz.” (Ezekiel 10:9).
“As they moved, they would go in any one of the four directions the cherubim faced;
the wheels did not turn about as the cherubim went. The cherubim went in whatever direction the head faced, without turning
as they went.” (Ezekiel 10:11).
“Their
entire bodies, including their backs, their hands and their wings, were completely full of eyes, as were their
four wheels.” (Ezekiel 10:12).
“Each of the cherubim had four faces: One face was that of a cherub,
the second the face of a human being, the third the face of a lion, and the
fourth the face of an eagle.” (Ezekiel 10:14).
These were
living creatures, stationed just below God’s throne. They had four faces, were
full of eyes, and had four wheels, which moved in any direction. They could move
anywhere and see everywhere; they had immense power and authority to carry out
God’s commands, defending and upholding His power and holiness.
These
cherubim looked down on the mercy seat, the top of the atonement cover. The two
golden cherubim served as symbols of God’s righteous and holy dominion over
every human being. Their role seems to have been to make sure that God’s Ten Commandments
were kept, but their hawk eyes were blocked by the atonement cover, on top of
the ark. If there was no atonement cover, then they would enforce the commandments’
full authority and power. So the atonement cover symbolized God’s grace and
willingness to look at the atonement cover, instead of demanding Israel’s full
obedience of the Ten Commandments. So, whether there was an atonement cover or
not was important; if there was no atonement cover, then God’s full judgment
would come upon everyone who violated the law of the covenant.
How does
this translate into God’s will?
“There, above the cover between the
two cherubim that are over the Ark of
the Covenant law, I will meet with you and give you all my commands for the
Israelites.” (Exodus 25:22).
God would
meet Israel in between the two cherubim, above the atonement cover. In order to
meet with Him, Israel could not escape from the hawk eyes of the two cherubim.
Meeting with the God of holiness and righteousness would satisfy God’s two
powerful angels. This was not possible, unless there was an atonement cover.
All of these
are symbolic, since the cherubim were not real, but only represented real angels.
Likewise, the atonement cover symbolized atonement for any violation of the covenant
law. However, in these symbolic figures, there is real significance, because
God will implement the real truth that each represents. He is invisible, but He
is present. Cherubim are invisible, but work on any of God’s command, any time
and any place. Likewise, the entirety of the ark of covenant, i.e. the cherubim,
the atonement cover, and the ark containing the Ten Commandments, reveals God’s righteousness and holiness, as well
as His mercy.
God’s
message is clear; He would not allow any violation of the Law of Covenant to go
unpunished. There was only one possible exception to this principle - by the
atonement cover.
What is the atonement cover? In order
to understand its meaning, let’s go back a little and find out exactly what
happened during the time when the tabernacle was first established.
“Then he sent young Israelite men, and
they offered burnt offerings and sacrificed young bulls as fellowship offerings
to the Lord. Moses took half of the blood and put it in bowls, and the other
half he splashed against the altar.” (Exodus 24:5-6).
They first
offered burnt offerings to the Lord, which consisted of offering the entire
animal, including its inner parts, by burning it completely before the Lord.
Nothing was left or shared. Burnt offerings always preceded all other offerings
whenever the Israelites sought God’s mercy. Only after this first offering had
been given, other offerings would follow, such as the fellowship offering, as
we have noted in this verses. The burnt offering was for the atonement of sin. After
this offering, fellowship with the Lord was possible. The bull’s blood was
sprinkled on the leaders of Israel and they were able to see, under God’s feet,
something like a pavement made of lapis lazuli, as bright blue as the sky. Unless
an atonement sacrifice was made, i.e. the atonement cover was provided, Israel would
face terrible judgment and meeting with God would not be possible. Soon after
this offering was complete, a fellowship offering was made to the Lord. This offering
signified the peaceful fellowship between God and men. So it always followed after
the burnt offering. In this way, the Ark of the Covenant as a whole, with the atonement
cover and two cherubim, spoke to this truth. In other words, what the Israel
leaders experienced as a way of having peace with God was fully captured or
reflected in the Ark of the Covenant.
This was unique
for a few reasons:
First, it was
God’s dwelling place, described as a
meeting place. However, God had no form at all and idol making was not
possible. Experiencing His presence or meeting with Him occurs by faith in His
word through Christ.
Second, in
order for this meeting to take place, two
things must be satisfied - the Ten Commandments and atonement cover that
protected the stone tablets on which they were written. This represented God’s justice as well as His
mercy, His most prominent characteristic in dealing with sinful men. Whether or
not His justice and mercy are upheld will be monitored by the two powerful cherubim
on the altar cover.
Thirdly, access
to the Lord was strictly controlled by a
demand for conformity to God’s character, especially to His holiness. This
process began with a burnt offering to atone for sin and ended with human
priests meeting with the Lord between the two cherubim above the atonement
cover.
Fourthly, the entire tabernacle structure was portable.
Whenever God moved, Israel moved. Thus, the entire system was arranged so that
God may dwell in the midst of His people. This is an expression of God’s desire
to stay with His people, in order to be their Lord and King.
King David
expressed his strong desire to build a permanent ‘tabernacle’ for the Lord. He
hoped that God would stay with His nation forever. However, God said this to
David:
“I have not dwelt in a house from the
day I brought the Israelites up out of Egypt to this day. I have been moving
from place to place with a tent as my dwelling. Wherever I have moved with all
the Israelites, did I ever say to any of their rulers whom I commanded to
shepherd my people Israel, “Why have you not built me a house of cedar?” (2 Samuel
7:6-7).
As God said
here, His primary goal was not to be housed in a particular place, but to be with His people, a people who
uphold His righteousness and holiness. In this regard, He valued a relationship
with His people above all else. So His first priority was to establish His
people and kingdom first, and then have one of them build a house for Him. He
said to David:
“The Lord declares to you that the Lord himself will establish a house for
you: “When your days are over and you rest with your ancestors, I will
raise up your offspring to succeed you, your own flesh and blood, and I will establish his kingdom. He is the
one who will build a house for my Name, and I will establish the throne of his
kingdom forever.” (2 Samuel 7:11b-13).
This implies
that, as long as God’s people are unstable and His kingdom is not well
established to uphold His name, He would not ask them to build a permanent
place for Him in their midst. Through whom would God accomplish this? As the
tabernacle mandated, only someone who
could provide atonement for God’s people could establish a peaceful
relationship between Him and them. Who would be that person? God said that
it would be one of David’s descendants, so Jesus, this promised descendant of
David, came and sacrificed himself as an atoning sacrifice for sinners. He is
the one who would build the Lord’s house. Those who accept his sacrifice become
God’s true children, His genuine people; they become God’s genuine temple.
“Don’t you know that you yourselves
are God’s temple and that God’s Spirit dwells in your midst?” (1 Corinthians
3:16).
“In him the whole building is joined
together and rises to become a holy temple in the Lord. And in him you too are being built together
to become a dwelling in which God lives by his Spirit.” (Ephesians 2:21-22).
“The Spirit of truth. The world cannot
accept him, because it neither sees him nor knows him. But you know him, for he lives with you and will be in you.” (John
14:17).
In this way,
we, as believers in Christ, have become the place where God resides. Jesus
offered himself as an atonement sacrifice for all sinners and became the
atonement cover for us. At the same time, through his obedience, even to the
point of death, Jesus fulfilled the law of the covenant, the Ten Commandments,
and became the meeting place between God and sinners.
God told
Moses to build the first meeting place between Him and mankind - the
tabernacle. It would serve as a shadow of what is in heaven. This was made
possible for us through Jesus’ atoning sacrifice. Now, we are his residing
place and we can meet our Lord without fear.
In order to
meet Him, we are to conform to Him. God said that we must be holy as He is holy;
this speaks to the tabernacle’s central theme. Jesus made this possible for all
sinners through his atoning sacrifice.
“But just as he who called you is
holy, so be holy in all you do; for it is written: “Be holy, because I am
holy.” (1 Peter 1:15-16).
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